Copyright Policy

PERMISSION

All members of the University Community are responsible for adhering to applicable copyright laws and determining whether a use constitutes fair use under the 1976 Copyright Act and/or complies with the TEACH Act provisions for use of digital works in an online or distance learning environment. 如果使用不构成合理使用, 或者作品不属于公共领域, permission must be obtained from the copyright owner or whoever has the right to give permission on behalf of the copyright owner.

INFRINGEMENT

In the case of infringement, the copyright owner is entitled to recover actual damages and profits attributed to the infringement, as well as statutory damages, ranging from $750 to $150,000 per infringement. 

1976年美国版权法全文，经修订(美国版权法第17章).S. Code)
http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html

版权保护以有形形式固定的“原创作品”.  Copyrightable works include, but are not limited to, literary works; musical, dramatic, and choreographic works; pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; motion pictures and other audiovisual works; sound recordings; and architectural works. 这些类别应该被广泛地看待, for example, 计算机程序可以作为文学作品登记.

Materials generally not eligible for statutory copyright protection include: works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression, such as improvisational speeches or performances that have not been written or recorded; titles, names, short phrases, slogans, familiar symbols; ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts; and works consisting entirely of information that is common property, such as standard calendars, height and weight charts, 以及从公共文件中获取的列表或表格.

1976年版权法第106条 
http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106
gives the copyright owner the exclusive right to do or to authorize others to do the following to a copyrighted work: reproduce the work, prepare derivative works, 向公众(通过销售)分发副本, transfer of ownership, rental, lease, or lending), 并公开表演或展示作品.

Registration of a work with the U.S. Copyright Office, 虽然不需要版权保护, 建立版权的公共记录, 在侵权诉讼提交法庭之前，这是必须的.  A copyright notice is not required for copyright protection of works published on or after March 1, 1989.  Use of the copyright notice, however, 版权作品被侵权的重要因素是什么, 并且应该包括符号©或单词“版权”,” the name of the copyright owner, and the year of first publication. 

版权保护从作品以固定形式创作时起就存在. 保护期限取决于何时获得版权.

1927年以前出版的作品和美国作家创作的作品.S. 政府属于公共领域，不受版权法的保护. 在公共领域的作品可以自由使用，而无需版权所有者的许可.

It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the copyright law to the copyright owner, however, these rights are not limited in scope. The 1976 Copyright Act includes specific provisions for nonprofit educational institutions in the use of copyright-protected works:

1. Section 107 on fair use: http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107
2. 第一百零八条正规澳门赌场网络图书馆、档案馆复制的规定 http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#108
3. 第110条正规澳门赌场网络课堂和远程教育中作品的表现和展示: http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#110
4. Section 117 on computer software http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#117

1976年版权法第107条规定了“合理使用”受版权保护作品的原则, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.  Fair use is an attempt to balance an author’s copyright protection in creating intellectual works against the public interest in the dissemination of those works. To determine whether the use made of a work is fair use, the law defines four factors to consider: 

1. The purpose and character of the use, 包括这种使用是否具有商业性质或非营利性, educational purposes;
2. The nature of the copyrighted work;
3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
4. 使用对受版权保护作品的潜在市场或价值的影响.

所有四个因素都必须根据期望的用途进行检查，权衡和平衡. 

Section 108 of the 1976 Copyright Act establishes provisions for libraries or archives to reproduce copies of copyright-protected works for the purpose of preservation, replacement of damaged or lost works, 通过馆际互借实现资源共享.

Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act and the “Agreement on Guidelines for Classroom Copyright in Non-For-Profit Education Institutions with Respect to Books and Periodicals” provide the guiding principles for course reserves and course packs.

Section 117 of the 1976 Copyright Act permits the owner of a copy of copyrighted software to make or authorize the making of an archival backup copy.  计算机软件一般是授权给用户使用的, and the terms of the license agreement for a specific copyrighted software determine whether the user has a right to copy the licensed software beyond the archival copy.  Copying or reproduction of copyrighted software on University of New England owned computing equipment must be in accordance with the provisions of the 1976 Copyright Act and the specific software license agreement. Use of unauthorized copies of software on University of New England owned computers or networks or computers housed in the University’s facilities is not permitted. 

The University of New England complies with the provisions of the 1998年数字千年版权法案 (DMCA), which grants an online service provider (OSP) limited liability for contributory copyright infringement when its subscribers/users infringe a third party’s copyright in the use of the OSP’s information technology network.  DMCA要求OSP在美国注册一个官方代理.S. Copyright Office, develop and post a copyright policy, 只使用合法获得的受版权保护作品的副本, 采取措施防止未经授权的查阅和传播信息, 并遵守有效的下架请求. 此类请求应发送至:Sarah Delage, Office of Communications, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005 or sdelage@zhongxinboligang.com.

参见正规澳门赌场网络信息技术服务 Acceptable Use Policy for Students and 教职员工可接受的使用政策.

Section 110 of the 1976 Copyright Act establishes provisions for the performance or display of a work in the course of face-to-face teaching activities or as part of mediated instructional activities transmitted via digital networks. 

The TEACH Act, 作为1976年版权法第110条和第112条的修正案于2002年颁布, exempts certain performances and displays of copyrighted materials in digital formats transmitted via digital mediums such as online distance learning and course management systems.  TEACH法案适用于包括注册学生参与的远程教育, on or off-campus, by accredited, 符合《正规澳门赌场网络》资格要求的非营利性教育机构.

根据《正规澳门赌场网络》使用受版权保护作品的要求包括:

• Use of the copyrighted work must be made at the direction of or under the supervision of an instructor as an integral part of a mediated instructional activity.
• 使用受版权保护的作品必须仅限于正式注册某一特定课程的学生.
• Amount of the copyrighted work used must be “reasonable and limited” comparable to that typically displayed in a live classroom setting.
• 学校必须制定并向全体教员宣传其版权政策, staff, and students; promote compliance with U.S. copyright laws; and provide notice to students that materials used in the course may be subject to copyright protection.
• 机构必须实施技术措施以确保遵守这些政策, including password-restricted access, 访问的持续时间限于“类会话”的长度,” and preventing students from retaining a copy or disseminating a copy of the copyrighted work to others.

Exemptions under the TEACH Act do not extend to course packs or textbooks generally purchased by students individually, 主要用于远程教育产品的作品, 或已知或被认为是非法制作或非法获得的作品.  Conversion of print or other analog materials to digital formats is permitted only if used for authorized transmission and when no digital version of the work is available or the digital version is subject to technological protection measures that prevent its use.